How successful have development policies been in Latin American Select Essay

How successful have development policies been in Latin American Select one country and assess its economic evolution from Impor - Essay Example The economic strategy which is known by the name â€Å"Import Substitution Industrialization† arose in relatively under-developed countries as a response to global markets. It was clear that many Latin American countries in particular could not keep up with the fluctuations and demands of a free market system. Many of the participants in the world markets possessed vastly superior technologies, infrastructure and buying power due to their more developed status and stronger currencies. This left weaker economies very vulnerable and so their governments stepped in to guide industrialization in ways which assisted in the development of the country as a whole, rather than just successful trade between individual companies and external customers. The focus was on the internal market rather than on the export market, and the aim of this strategy was to reduce reliance on foreign goods and at the same time encourage local manufacturers to supply more and more goods. As one of the larger South American states, Brazil has played an important part in the economic development of this sub-continent. In the period from the middle of the nineteenth century until the Great Depression in 1929-30 the majority of Latin America enjoyed a phase of export-propelled growth. The combination of reduced buying and selling capacity in industrialized countries and the huge disruption of the Second World War caused great fluctuations in the world markets and this in turn prompted countries like Brazil to focus more on expanding their own internal market. This is where import substitution was devised, as a method of driving forward industrialization while at the same time reducing the country’s need for outside goods and foreign currencies. ... This encouraged innovation, and schemes were set up that allowed foreign companies to invest in Brazil, and transfer technology into that country so that the demand for finished goods could be met. Hirschman notes that countries who come late to industrialization can benefit from the knowledge that other countries have learned before them, for example Britain and other European states, and as a result of this the introduction of new working practices is much smoother. By the early 1960s import substitution industrialization in Brazil was judged to be a considerable success in the short term, but with some rather negative effects in the longer term. (Macario, 1964) One long term effect was that Brazilian industrialists became complacent, and they got used to the lack of competition that ensured their continued success, regardless how efficient they were. There was no external incentive to improve quality or efficiency, and so when Brazil wanted to participate in the world markets to o btain modern goods, it was found that Brazilian products fell far behind those of competitors. There was also very little independent decision making in the industrial sector, since most of the leadership came from government initiatives. When looking at the import substitution period in Brazil from 1930 onwards it is important to understand the significance of political changes which were introduced by the charismatic leader Getulio Vargas. By setting up a Ministry of Labor he managed to get dialogue going between industrialists and government and this eventually cemented his control over all aspects of the economy. (Roett: 2010, p. 38) This central control deepened import substitution policies and allowed various beneficial reforms such as

Women Rights within The Antislavery Movement Essay

Women Rights within The Antislavery Movement - Essay Example In the world political history, it has been revealed that a group of courageous women stood tall and began to push for a fair treatment of the fairer sex .Among such outstanding female figures is Sklar and Grimkes disobeyed gender norms and began to campaign against the positioning of women in the kitchen. This paper therefore seeks to discuss the social, economic and political realignments that took place in the American continent in the wake of Anti-slavery movement.2 When this slavery abolishment was gaining popularity and spreading across the North America, some women took this chance to advance the right of women in the early 1830’s .The ensuing battle between women and men over this gender agenda is the subject of focus in this paper and it will shed light on how this turned social tables across the globe that its effects is in play to date. When the anti-slavery set in across North America, it came as a godsend to the womenfolk because they grabbed this opportunity to h ighlight the plight of fellow women. Sklar and Grimkes played an exemplary role negotiating for the rights of women in the society within the confusion of slave trade abolition. It has been believed from time immemorial that the societal framework gives men the absolute authority over women who are expected to submit in return. Some of the gender roles that the society imposed on women in the North were oppressive and demeaning to women. Before this social revolutionary movement, womanhood was associated with reproductive issues, home care, kitchen and total submission to the male counterpart. On the side of the coin, men boasted of autonomous decision making which gave them upper hand in matters revolving around social, economical and political aspects of the society. It should however be noted that during this politically tensed period, religious revival missions was sweeping across the continent and the major participants were women. It was relatively easy to drive points home wi th the revival campaigns and this made it a bit easy for the message to penetrate the society. With this atmosphere, there was a reckoning force that could not be contained by the long standing demands of the civil society.3 This finally forced a changed in the notion that existed concerning the confined role of women in the society and the patriarchal power of the male over female. Although the wind of anti slavery was an overriding matter of debate, it did not come to the realization of men that a gender coup was also brewing in the guise of religious revival dominated by women. The female members of the society made great noise about the recognition of their rights and they mobilised women to take up political roles and fight for their rightful place in the society. The word that persuaded many women is the perceived gender equality as stipulated creator in the religious scripts and the bible. This came as a surprise to men as it dawned on them that they were losing the equality war to women but it seemed too late. Sklar and Grimkes were themselves daughters to slave owners but broke the silence and were at the forefront of championing for recognition of women amidst the anti-slavery movement. The oratory skills displayed by women during that time were to the shock of many people and went further to win the heart of women and socially moderate men. At this point the womanhood had already begun to change its face and gain new position in the society. Gender mainstreaming in the political and economic decisions began to gain recognition and started extending its roots gradually across the world. In this respect, men started to face cut throat competition from women in

Critically Discuss the View That Women's Careers Are Not The Result of Assignment

Critically Discuss the View That Women's Careers Are Not The Result of Free Choice - Assignment Example Women were seen making selective career decisions, acquiring professional education, enhancing their skills and eagerly working to support their families along with their husbands. Gradually with the passage of time, women were observed participating actively in different fields. According to United States Department of Labor, around 74 percent of women are working full time in different part of States. However, we cannot ignore that opting for a particular career is solely a woman’s decision but a woman’s career choice could be an outcome of the influence of different social factors. Childhood Socialization and Family influence: Gender roles and expectations of the society start establishing even before the child can actually understand his/her identity or learn about his/her personality. From early childhood, females are dressed in gender specific colors (pink) and they are given gender specific toys (dolls) to play with. This is a clear example of how our society beh aves and discriminate children on the basis of their gender from an early childhood stage. We know that social play an important role in developing a girl’s view of her identity and her future role in the society as a home maker. From an early childhood, girls are either intentionally or unintentionally forced by the families to be polite and soft, to have motherly nature and to spend more of their time in servicing other people. Perhaps, this is one of the main reasons that these girls are encouraged to pursue careers such as teaching, nurses, secretary or enter in other humanitarian services. However, the limit to this discrimination doesn’t end here. Even in schools, girls who opt for science and mathematics as their subjects of interests are often ridiculed by their peers. It is a common thought in our society that girls are weaker in science and mathematics and hence, these subjects are not â€Å"made† for them to study with keen interest (Mendoza, 2011). T o abide by all the rules and principles set by the society according to gender roles in sometimes harsh to follow. As a result, it has been observed that majority of the girls are found weaker in subjects like science and mathematics and when they enter high school, their command on these subjects is weaker than their male peers. Therefore, these girls find it hard to obtain a degree or pursue a career based on such subjects. On the other hand, recently different schools and teachers have stressed upon girls to break the traditional approach in making a career choice for themselves and by developing their interest in subjects like mathematics and science. Traditional Role Models: In the past, women were given limited career choices which resulted in limited approach in their future generations about the women with outstanding careers. It has been observed that women are more likely to get influenced by other successful women in traditional pink collar jobs. Such influence encourages these women to select and excel in the same career. Therefore, instead of creating a different career path for themselves; these women follow the footsteps of other successful women and adopt the traditional career choice. As a result, society has greatly diminished the role and contributions of those women who adopted their careers on the basis of science and mathematics. With the passage of time, girls started perceiving that they would be more successful in adopting traditional pink

Globalization and Strategic Planning Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Globalization and Strategic Planning - Essay Example In this case, in order to facilitate collaboration in the organization, Americare has been recruiting numerous interns, to offer them a chance of making crucial contribution through their membership in Global Partnership team (Americares, 2013). Cooperation refers to process of working together in a way that contributes to achievement of a common objective (Forest, 2003). All interns in Americare are offered a chance to be involved in all development programs via a target of donor and prospectus. Moreover, this organization offers them other roles such as providing support via general administrative supporting and attending events, maintenance of donor files and helping in preparation of visits and regional trips (Americares, 2013). In this case, the organization operates through the cooperation of the interns; thus, they are able to execute their mandate. According to Forest (2003), coordination is organizing and ensuring that different parts or things are operating simultaneously in order to achieve a certain objective with minimum problems. In this case, AmeriCares makes a substantial contribution in facilitating communication among the interns, through their administrative support (Americares, 2013). In this case, communication among team members is well coordinated through ways of contacting them through newsletters and other printed materials. Furthermore, vendors are coordinated to facilitate timely delivery of materials that are needed for the organization to operate effectively. Forest, C. (2003). Empowerment skills for family workers: A worker handbook. Cornell University. Retrieved on Jan 7 2012 from

Developments in SEN )Special Educational Needs Essay

Developments in SEN )Special Educational Needs - Essay Example This approach concentrated on difference rather than normality, on sickness rather than well being, and specifically on the problem affecting the child. In doing so, children acquired medically diagnosed groups, which emphasized on deficit rather than potential (Jones 2003, p.9). Therefore, in the early 20th century education for children with special needs used the strategy of separate, special schools for children thought to need such schools. In addition, psychometric analysis by early psychologists supported the use of special schools. In 1944, a number of reforms were done on the education system. The majority of the reforms were towards the mainstream education and the availability of free education for all. In addition, the 1944 education reforms also addressed particular aspects of education for education for children with special needs. However, the approach, and definition of children with special requirements was not as sufficient as its requirements for education in gener al (Hodkinson & Vickerman 2009, p.23). The 1944 Act still relied on the medical model of disability. Under this Act, eleven categories of handicap were identified, and children belonging to those categories were identified based on their desired treatment. The use of unique schools to educate children with special needs remained the most desired approach, although less recognition was paid to the provision of education in mainstream schools. The 1944 Act continued to refer to children with a disability of mind or body, and focused on special schools to cater for handicapped children (Jones 2003, pg 13). Through the 1960s and 1970s, education for children with special needs shifted towards an approach favored by behaviorist psychologist. An example of psychologist who played a crucial role in shaping education for children with special needs was Lois Malaguzzi who spent much his time understanding how children learn. This approach focused on the need to apply operant conditioning tec hniques. Experts refused the medical model and campaigned for an approach that applied only what that could be observed. The approach was criticized by some behaviorist terming it a significant weakness. However, the reforms were very vital because they emphasized on the possibility to modify the problems of children with special needs. In addition, the reforms placed the responsibility to the teacher as one way of ensuring that the reforms became effective (DfES, 2004). The behaviorist techniques appeared very effective in dealing with particular difficulties such as self help skills. On the other hand, they were seen as less effective in assisting children with duties that required more understanding. It is evident that the 1960s and 70s created a way for new approaches to special needs. During this period, attitudes towards special education started to change, and in some sections the behaviorist initiatives caused the teaching of children with learning problems appear more acces sible to teachers in mainstream schools. In connection to this, Vygotsky who was a renowned education theorist, once pointed out that most essential learning by a child happens through social interaction with the help of a skillful tutor. Similar sentiments were put forward by John Dewey who argued that learning and education are interactive and social processes, and the school remains to be a social institution whereby social

Literary Devices in The Woman at the Store Essay Example for Free

Literary Devices in The Woman at the Store Essay There are many different literary devices used in Katherine Mansfields The Woman at the Store, they are used effectively. Regularly Mansfield uses personification, characterization and irony. This short essay will show what the main literary devices are in this story. Irony has a significant literary device in this story; the storys plot is enormously ironic. The reader expects that the womans husband will be coming back soon, but he is dead already, which is ironic. The reader does not expect that the child knows that her mother killed her father. And that this is shown in something as pure as a drawingAnother key literary device in this story is her characterization. She characterizes the characters in this story so realistically that the reader has the idea that he has known the characters for all long time already, and he can visualize them perfectly. For example, when Mansfield writes about Jo: Not once that day he had sung I dont care, for dont you see, my wifes mother was in front of me! It was the first that we had been without it for a month, and now there seemed something uncanny in his silence. With this sentence the reader knows that Jo normally is a happy man, that he likes to sing, that he does not like mother-in-laws and that he now knows that something special is going to happen. Another important literary device is the use of personification. One good example is: the sun pushed through the pale clouds and shed a vivid light over the scene. This describes how the sun found a hole to shine through.  There are many different literary devices used in The Woman at the Store but irony, characterization and personification are some key devices and Katherine Mansfield uses them well but that is what she is famous for.

Discussing The Role Of Language And Reason In History Philosophy Essay

Discussing The Role Of Language And Reason In History Philosophy Essay Language like reason is one of the most important ways of knowing to mankind. Human beings have benefited greatly through language by means of communicating and understanding each other as we read history. Could language as a way of knowing bring us the most suitable type of language? What is language without reason? I treat these as my knowledge issues and will try to bring my aspect and conclusion on the situation. Distinguishing between a terrorist or a freedom fighter can be biased, that biasness is the type of reason that affected you there and then. Language in history Some might say History is the study of the past. The role of language in history is fairly abundant. Many linguists believe that language have a common ancestry, but we still do not know whether language has come from one source, but students of history know from the ancient Greek historian Herodotus that Phrygian is the first coherent language in the history of mankind. It is believed that early humans probably had a communication system similar to animals to contact each other and used body language and calls of various types, but speech did not develop until the human brain evolved enough to enable us to convey ideas to each other. History is not a record of everything that has happened in the past, history is merely catches the main gist of what supposedly happened in the past. So we can wonder, Could language bring out the most accurate form of history? We can deduce that, if suitable and open minded recorders were the ones that cement history for us, then why should we wonder. But without language as a way of knowing, problems arise and perception would play a dominant role, as being a multifarious way of knowing, many conclusion could deduce on a claim. But without language, reason would not erupt into a form that would proportionally justify perception in the given case above, debates, arguments, justifications, treaties, deals and agreements would not take place as the way we perceive it today. So it would be foolish to think that history would be relevant without language and reason, reasoning is always present and helps us understand in a coherent fashion. Though, problems are that language, alone, can be confusing and can easily be edited in our views, propaganda during the Russian revolution lead people to a perception, that perception manifested into reason and thought/expressions of the socio-economic classes during then were heard. History has may sources but as the past does not exist, it is difficult to accurately find out about history. For example, if we have evidence such as Stonehenge or the Rosetta stone are parts of our history and we can know to some extent about those periods in our history. But objectivity and accuracy in understanding history are to my mind the real questions which are to be looked at seriously. Historians distinguish primary and secondary sources of information. A primary source is written by a person who was there at the time, while the secondary source is a second hand account of the event. For example, what Socrates wrote and Plato were writing as primary sources, while others who developed on their ideas. Biases can be created by even eyewitness accounts as a person can exaggerate or use weak language to explain the incident, he may also have a social bias and describe history in a manner that he likes. In Greek times or when Aztec warriors ruled, we know little about how Greek slaves or peasants lived or how tribal societies carried out their daily lives, even though we have written history about those times. History can be deliberately changed when primary sources are manipulated by interest groups, this brings me to another knowledge issue, Can we trust History? The Russians and Chinese history has been changed by the state and the primary sources of changed. By changing they have used the new history created by them as propaganda to rule their people. I believe that history is just a monument. A monument of many things, the holocaust was a monument of the horrors that mustnt be repeated again. History is a secondary source (established data), it is not easy to say that all hundred percent of history is true, it is not my call. History also creates hindsight bias as events in our own life when seen later makes us question about the mistake we made. To a certain extent, this also distorts history. Bias and language can be a subject bias, confirmation bias or a national bias. Can language describe historical events in a language that is neutral? To better understand language, many theories have been developed like, the definition theory, denotation theory and Image theory. These theories segment our way of communicating into partitions, each representing a certain situation that is directly proportional to language. Briefly, the definition theory is based on finding the meaning of words from a dictionary. A problem to this type of language is that some words are very difficult to define properly and are highly multifarious. On the other hand, the Denotation theory tells us how to separate words that have meaning and words that have no meaning. Last but not least the image theory explains that any word is a mental image in our mind that stands in the mind. Language is complex. It shows us our social reality and no two languages can show the same social reality, that is what the Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis states. Languages create different trends in our social reality. In the age of technology and how it is rapidly growing, it becomes a bit overwhelming. Language creates barriers but also creates entries. When I read about news in magazines, in news paper or TV, the same issue can be shown in many different ways. Politics especially, I as a teenager and a member of the future generation of this world; reading politics of the Middle East, the Kashmir problem or the Afghan war can mean many things when read in English or Urdu. It all ends up to your social reality and your reason with a clear view on society itself. Language causes confusion and this confusion conveys specific thoughts, these thought s are planted on the different views in the world today. These views, even with so much knowledge and theories, leads to hatred and misunderstandings, thus leading to wars and bloodshed or could lead to a world that would represent something that would be found in The Beatles lyrics. Language provi des accuracy in life, definitions of words and phrases like war on terror, fanatics, collateral damage means differently to the different social reality (rule governed by language) and are contested in various forms and has been, previously in the future. To an extent history has affected me in some ways, views on society today and the changing trends of mentioned above I also agree that language and reason plays a big role in the history we know today. Reason and history as a way of knowing Reason is segmented into one of the four ways of knowing for a very good reason. We know that reason is a difficult word to define, because it is based on various premises, basis on which various conclusions are drawn. Reason is like a knife, which has two edges and both sides can cut equally well as both knife edges are sharp. We also know that reason cannot be used in every situation, especially in our private lives, where emotion also plays an important a role, which cannot be defined by reason alone. Sometimes reason can be balanced with emotion and sometimes it cannot be balanced. There are three kinds of reasoning: Deductive reasoning Inductive reasoning Informal reasoning deductive reasoning is based on syllogism which states two premises (logical arguments) and a conclusion is then drawn. But we know all truth is not valid, if the argument is true or false, the conclusion can be true or false and may not be valid. Therefore, this argument is built on incorrect logic and the syllogism is false. We can conclude that arriving at the right conclusion our argument is dependent on the truth or falsity of the premises (logic) it contains. Deductive logic must be handled with care to arrive at the correct conclusion. Inductive logic is the opposite of deductive logic and is based on from the particular to the general. Inductive reasoning can be explained by an example: I am born from my mother. We can conclude that human beings are born from females, because all statistical evidence leads us to this conclusion. This example can be called inductive inference (conclusion). All languages are based on inductive generalizations, for example, teacher, dog or table can be classified into general classes and then labeled. From languages we inherit history of human thought about how the world is organized. Most sciences use inductive reasoning to formulate laws and theories. For example, if carbon-dioxide causes green house effect, therefore carbon-dioxide emitted by any form will lead to ozone reduction in the atmosphere. Scientists use this type of logic to explain reasoning and reach conclusions. -Informal reasoning- Informal reasoning is based after this, therefore accounted of this, it means that because one thing B follows another thing A, then A must be a cause of B. For example, more murders are committed in hot weather; it means that weather is the only factor that affects increase in murder. Informal reasoning is based on co-relation in two things and can be correct or incorrect if the premise is valid. While the three types of reasoning cannot answer all questions relating to knowledge, they do provide us a basis on which we can understand our world and ourselves better but one way of reasoning is not sufficient to define all things in a logical manner. Our reasoning is also affected by circular reasoning, false analogy, loaded questions and many other biases. Bad reasoning is based on four main reasons: Reason gives man the greatest ability to understand and predicts things related to him with certainty. This gives that specific kind of coherency that exists in the world today. We see, thus we reason Timothy Rath. History is rooted with reason, it regards human nature and the human intellect that goes hand in hand. What really shapes History are the winners. The people in charge. They get to have their stories told, they get to decide what goes to the public and what doesnt. Imagine if Germany had won the second world war. Our view of the holocaust would be much different wouldnt it? Maybe the general populace may not have even been told of their existance. And if we take a look at Stalin and his attempts to remove people from history (altering photos, deleting records of existance), we can see that the people up there have the power to feed us whatever they want. And that was back then, when there was no photoshop. Just imagine the technology they have in their hands today. And that is why there are countries that are so suspicious of others learning of their past, that they do anything to keep them quiet, going as far as to kill them. As a more recent example, does anyone know of Andijon? I wouldnt be surprised if you didnt, partially because it is in Uzbekistan and to be honest i didnt know that was a country until i got off a plane one day and ended up living there. To be fair, i was about 11 and my knowledge of the geography was kind of limited. Anyways, the Andijon massacres (sometime in 2006) have been described by the UN to be possibly the greatest massacre since Tienanmen square. So why havent you heard of it? Because the government of Uzbekistan are brilliant at keeping people out and censoring things. Even killed a journalist that fled to another country after writing an article criticizing them. Im honestly kind of scared to write about this.